Any passenger car consists of the following items: - engine; -transmissions; -chassis; -control mechanisms; -electrical equipment; -additional equipment; -body.

2 - engine cooling system fan;

3 - radiator of the cooling system;

4 - ignition distributor;

5 - engine;

6 - rechargeable battery;

7 - ignition coil;

8 - air filter;

9 - Telescopic amortized front suspension rack;

10 - windshield washer tank;

11 - gearbox;

12 - glass handle;

13 - inner door handle;

14 - rear suspension lever;

15 - element of the heating of the rear window;

16 - the main muffler;

17 - rear shock absorber;

18 - rear brake;

19 - rear suspension beam;

20 - transverse rear suspension rod;

21 - fuel tank;

22 - parking brake lever;

23 - an additional silencer;

24 - vacuum amplifier brake system;

25 - front wheel drive shaft;

26 - front brake;

27 - Stabilizer Stabilizer Rod

The engine is the "heart" of the car. It burns fuel and converts thermal energy into mechanical: makes rotating crankshaft, then rotation through the transmission is transmitted to the wheels (component of the chassis). So the machine is driven. During movement, the driver controls the car with the help of a steering wheel and pedals, which are control mechanisms. It includes light headlights and turn signs, that is, uses electrical equipment. At the same time, the driver fastened the seat belt, he is warm to him (the heater works) - additional equipment is involved. Body average a passenger car It consists of a motor compartment (there is the engine), the passenger compartment and the luggage compartment. It is the supporting structure for knots and car units. Modern cars can be classified by several features: by type of body, type and engine working volume, wheel drive type and overall sizes.

Engine device

Single Cylinder Internal Rock Engine

Volume of combustion chamber

Top dead point

Lower dead point

Cylinder work volume

Siber piston

Piston stroke and engine cylinder volumes

1. Cork drain hole Pallet Carter

2. Carter pallet

3. Oil filter

4. Cooling fluid pump

5. Discaller

6. Exhaust valve

7. Spring valve

8. Exhaust camshaft

9. Receiver

10. Roof of the head of cylinders blocks

11. Inlet camshaft

12. Hydraulicel

13. Fuel ramp

14. Nozzle

15. Intake manifold

17. Inlet valve

18. Cylinder head

19. Piston

20. Compression rings

21. Mastery Ring

22. Piston finger

24. Cylinders block

25. Shatun cover

26. Crankshaft

27. Oil pump receiver

Engine ignition system

1. Ignition coil

2. Secondary winding (high voltage)

3. High-voltage wire ignition coils

4. VOCA voltage distributor cover

5. High-thunder wires ignition

6. Spark plugs

7. High Voltage Distributor

8. Resistor

9. Central Dispenser Contact

10. Side contacts covers

11. "Mass" of the car

12. Rechargeable battery

13. Contacts Castle ignition

14. Primary winding (low voltage)

15. Condenser

16. Movable Interrupter Contact

17. Fixed contact of the interrupter

18. Embreast fists

19. Hammer contacts

20. Ignition distributor sensor roller

21. Oil flowering coupling

22. Dispenser sensor housing

23. Plug connector

24. Vacuum Regulator Corps

25. Diaphragma

26. Vacuum regulator cover

27. Vacuum regulator thrust

28. Opportion (led) ignition timing plate

29. ignition distributor rotor

30. Side electrode with terminal for wire to spark plug

31. Ignition distributor cover

32. Central electrode with terminal for wire from the ignition coil

33. Corner of the central electrode

34. Central Rotor Contact

35. Resistor 1000 ohm for the suppression of radio

36. Outer contact rotor

37. The leading plate of the centrifugal ignition regulator

40. Movable (reference) plate of an endless sensor

41. Contactless sensor

42. Maslenka housing

43. Bearing stop plate

44. Bearing of the movable plate of the contactless sensor

First serial car It was built at the beginning of the 20th century at the Ford factory. The first car was collected in 1908. It was Ford Model T. The car was produced until 1928 and became a legend.

Brilliant manager and mechanic Henry Ford always said: "The car can be of any color if it is black." He made the main focus on the versatility of the car, completely rejected the individuality. That is what it ruined him.

Despite the versatility of the device car Ford. Model T and his simple, but reliable functionality, in the 20s he had a competitor in the form of Machine Motors. This company offered each buyer unique car with unusual internal device.

In those days there were only mechanical gearboxes and weak engines. The speed of cars rarely exceeded 50 miles per hour. Now everything has changed. Modern cars are a masterpiece of engineering thought, the insides of which are filled with the most modern electronics and supervised control systems.

The technical parameters have long been beyond fiction. Now overclocking up to 100 kilometers in 4 seconds - the reality that will not surprise anyone. At the same time, hundreds of companies that are engaged in sales of the most different cars. Nevertheless, despite all this diversity - general device They are very similar.

What is the car

Certainly in the device modern car There are many diverse knots and details, but even among them you can allocate the main:

• transmission,
• body,
• chassis,
• control systems,
• electrical equipment.

Each of these elements performs important rolewhich is hard to overestimate. To understand how important proper work Each detail, consider them in more detail.

Body

The body is a carrier part in the car.It is precisely all the nodes and aggregates that are attached. Now car manufacturers Trying to do everything possible to find the most durable and light composite spa that will serve as the basis of the product.

The fact is, the usual metal weighs quite a lot. Increased weight negatively affects the dynamics, maximum speed and acceleration, and manage heavy car Very difficult. As a result, non-standard approaches to creating bodys are increasingly used. For example, hydrocarbon fiber is used in the design.

Perhaps most bright carwhere this technology was used, was Lykan Hypersport. You could see this car in the film "Fast and Furious 7". The use of carbon fiber to create a body made it possible to ease the car much, significantly incur all its characteristics. By the way, the cost of the car is more than three million.

On the fact of the body is a frame that keeps the entire device of the car together. At the same time, it should have sufficient rigidity to withstand truly heavy loads. At the speed of more than 200 kilometers per hour, the life of the driver depends on its strength.

The body used in the car device not only should be light and durable, but also have the right aerodynamic forms. From how efficiently the body of the machine will disseminate the flow streams depend on the speed and control.

Traditionally, the body, which is part of the car device can be divided into such elements:

• spars
• roof,
• brakes
• hinged details
• motor compartment,
• bottom.

In order to achieve greater rigidity to the device's bottom device weld up amplifying elements. They provide increased strength and great security all design.

Each of these elements is associated with each other. So spars are one whole design with the bottom. In some cases, they are welded to it.The main task of these parts in the car's device is to create a support for the suspension.

If we talk about attachments, then the wings are immediately remembered. Also, you can not get around the trunk, doors and hood. They are mounted items, but very closely connected with the car body.

Attention! To achieve greater stability of the design, the rear wings are welded to the body, and the front is made removable.

Similar nuances need to be considered if you want to spend your tuning iron horse. Moreover, it is to hinged details Body attached modest parts.It is enough to remember the same spoiler. Even neon inserts are mounted around the perimeter of the bottom.

Case tuning gives the biggest visual effect. In addition additional elements, It seems to be a low fit bumper can provide designs much better aerodynamic qualities.

Without approaching no diversity

Chassis in the car plays the role of the foundation. It is at the expense of her a car can move. For example, wheels, suspension and bridges are all its elements. Without them, the movement itself would be impossible.

The system can have both anterior independent suspension and rear dependent. Now most cars use exactly the first option, since it gives the best handling of the vehicle.

The main difference of independent suspension is that each wheel is attached separately. Moreover, in the car's device, all the wheels have their own fasteners.

The dependent suspension is considered to be some archaism in car circles. Nevertheless, some companies in order to save and maximize the device's device still use it. Nevertheless, it provides high reliability Designs. Moreover, the tricks of some manufacturers make it possible to achieve truly outstanding results when using this outdated technology.

I want to remember the same German concern BMW.. This company has been producing cars for many years, in the device of which is the rear dependent suspension.

Nevertheless, the rear-wheel drivers of the German brand are famous in the whole world. Moreover, many drivers buy data cars with rear device The suspension is just from that pleasure that the driver gets, sitting behind the wheel, this monster.

Attention! Rear-wheel drive makes it possible to feel the real pleasure from managing a powerful, fast and predatory machine.

Usually the rear suspension is a leading bridge. In some cases, machine builders install a hard beam, and this is enough to ensure optimal strength of the structure.

Torkemose

If the car itself was located on the previous part and all its device, then the role of the brake system is completely different. Reliable brakes allow you to prevent many accidents and save millions of human lives.

Many automotive experts Do not consider it necessary to allocate this item in the car device. They just consider it part of the chassis. Nevertheless, it is radically wrong. After all, the importance of brakes in modern stress traffic is hard to overestimate.

Now most often distinguished three elements brake design:

• Working - allows you to control speed. This subsystem is responsible for the gradual decrease in speed until the car stops.
• Spare - it is needed when the main system in the car refuses. Usually it is made completely autonomous.
• Parking is hand brakewho keeps the car in one place until you.

In modern brake systems The set is used additional devicesthat provide best job brakes. A variety of amplifiers and anti-blocking system. These elements allow us not only to raise the efficiency of the system several times, but also increase its comfort for the driver.

Transmission

This device transmits torque from the shaft on the wheels. The design consists of the following items:

• clutch
• hinges,
• gearboxes
• leading bridge.

Due to the clutch, designers in the car establish the connection of the shafts of the engine and the gearbox. In turn, the PPC strongly reduces the load on the engine, increasing its resource and ensuring the most rational consumption of fuel.

It is worth admitting what last years Many variants of the gearbox device were invented. The first was MCP. It was invented at the beginning of the twentieth century. The first car on which it was installed was the same legendary model American company "Ford" - T.

Since then, about 40 years have passed, and in the 50s invent an automatic transmission. Now not the driver decides when to enable new program, but hydraulic system. Plus such a device consists in its simplicity, as well as smoothness of switching.

Finally, the third twist of the evolution of the gearbox is becoming a robot. This box Combines all the advantages of mechanics and automaton. The thing is that the transmission switches the smart program. It will definitely determine the time to accuracy in a few tenths of milliseconds. As a result, the driver gets huge fuel economy.

Important! There is also a variator, but it is rarely used.

Engine

Perhaps this is the most important part of the car - his heart. From power this device depend on the highest speed and dynamics of the machine. The essence of the principle of operation of this detail is extremely simple. The engine turns thermal energy into electric due to fuel combustion.

Electrical equipment and control systems

The fact is that every year these complexes of the car devices are becoming more and more connected with each other. Smart systems control voltage in wiring, battery operation and electricity consumption. Such an approach turns the machines into thinking devices that decide where the driver is best placed and followed by riding cars.

RESULTS

The device of the car is a complex system, to study the years. However general scheme And the purpose of all nodes can explore and understand even a beginner. These knowledge can help both on the road and in the maintenance of the car.

Nowadays the car is no longer a luxury. Almost every person can afford. But often very few people are familiar with the car device, although each driver is very important to know about what major parts, nodes and units consists vehicle. First of all it is necessary when some vehicle breakdown occurs, due to the fact that the owner at least in general features Sign with the design of the machine, it can determine where the fault happened exactly. There is a huge number of the most different marks And machine models, but in their most, all passenger cars have the same design. We will analyze the device of a passenger car.

A passenger car consists of 5 main parts:

Body

Body - That part of the car on which all other components are attached. It is worth noting that when cars appeared, they did not have a body. All the nodes were attached to the frame, because of what the car became heavy enough. To reduce the weight, manufacturers abandoned the frame, and replaced it.

The body consists of four major parts:

• front flamber
• rear Lionger
• motor compartment
• roof car
• hinged components

It should be noted that such a separation of parts is sufficiently conditionally, because all parts are interconnected with each other and form one construction. Support for suspension are spars that are welded to the bottom. Doors, lid trunk, hood and wings are more to the mounted components. Also, the rear wings are also needed, which are assigned directly to the body, but the front is removable (it all depends on the manufacturer).

Chassis

Chassis It consists of a huge number of a wide variety of components and aggregates, thanks to which the car has the ability to move. The main components of the chassis are:

• front suspension
• rear suspension
• wheels
• leading bridges

Most often on modern cars manufacturers install an anterior independent suspension, because It provides best control, and that is not a little important - comfort. IN independent suspension Everyone is attached to the body with the help of their own fasteners, due to which the wonderful car management is ensured.

You must not forget about the already outdated, but still the dependent suspension present in many cars. The rear dependent suspension is mainly a hard beam or leading bridge, unless of course consider the car with rear-wheel drive.

Transmission

Transmission car - This is a combination of mechanisms and aggregates for transmitting torque from the engine to drive wheels. From the components of the transmission, three main nodes can be distinguished:

• Or just a gearbox (mechanical, robotic, automatic or variator)
• presenter Bridge or Bridges (depending on the manufacturer)
• hinge equal corner speeds Or, if it turns it easier, a cardan transmission

In order to provide smooth transmission The torque on the car has a clutch, thanks to which the engine shaft is connected with the gearbox shaft. The gearbox itself is needed to change the gear ratio, as well as reduce the load on the engine itself. Cardan transfer Need to connect the gearbox directly with wheels or with a leading bridge. And the leading bridge itself is mounted in the gearbox housing, if the car front-wheel drive. If a car rear drive The leading bridge serves as a back beam.

Engine

Engine - This is the heart of the car, which consists of a large number of different parts.

The main purpose is the transformation of the thermal energy of the combusting fuel into mechanical energy, which is transmitted to wheels using the transmission.

Engine and electrical control system

The main elements of the electrical equipment of the car include:

• wiring

(ACB) is designed mainly to start the engine of the car. Akb is a constant renewable energy source. If the engine is not running, it is due to the battery that all devices operating at the expense of electricity are performed.

The generator is needed to continuously recharging acB, as well as to maintain constant voltage in the board network.

Engine management system consists of all sorts of sensors and electronic block Management, which is abbreviated by the ECU.

Electricity consumers about which was said to be slightly above are:

• rear lights
• electric lifting glasses
• as well as other electronic devices

You can not forget about the electrical wiring, which consists of a large number of wires. These wires and make up on-board network Total car that connects all sources together, as well as electricity consumers.

The car's hood opens, and the instructor already clearly shows the details and mechanisms.

If you are not going to become an auto mechanic, then you know in detail the car device you have nothing, however, knowing the highlights, you will quickly understand the principles of the car and management of them. In this article we will talk about how the car is arranged.

Anyone knows that the car is the body on the wheels. However, what makes him move?

And so, the car consists of:

• Engine
• Body
• Chassis
• Transmissions
• Chassis
• Mechanism of control
• Electrical equipment

Consider each component in more detail.

Engine car

The engine is the heart of the car, the source of mechanical energy that makes the car move. The most common is the engine internal combustion (DVS), which consists of a cylinder and piston. Thermal energy is formed inside the cylinder, and when burning fuel is converted into mechanical energy, leading to a car movement. This process occurs with a frequency of several hundred times per minute, which causes the engine crankshaft to rotate continuously. Read more with the work of the engine you will introduce our video.

Body car

Car body can be with a frame and frameless design, however modern cars The frameless is used, in which the aggregates and nodes are attached to the body. This body called carrier. Depending on the type of body, cars are divided into classes.

Car chassis device

The chassis of the car consists of a variety of mechanisms transmitting a torque from the engine to the wheels moving the car and the control of them: transmissions, a car control mechanism and chassis.

Transmission car

The car transmission transmits torque from the engine to the wheels, allows it to be changed in magnitude and direction. On two-axis cars, the transmission consists of a gearbox, clutch, cardan transmission, the main transfer, differential and semi-axes.

Coupling car

The clutch is used to transmit the torque of the engine to the gearbox and smoothly connect or disconnect the engine with the transmission mechanisms. The clutch pedal is a cable, driven by the clutch mechanism. The clutch is used to prevent engine parts and transmission from overload and damage with a sharp turning on transmission or braking.

Transmission

The gearbox is a mechanism converting a torque from crankshaft Engine to drive wheels. Thanks to the gearbox, the car can go back and forth, and the engine can be disconnected from leading wheels.

Gearboxes are mechanical, automatic, robotic and stepless.

Manual Transmission Has a high coefficient useful action and smaller weight. The car with a manual transmission is distinguished by dynamic acceleration and economical flow Fuel.

Automatic transmission Easy to use, but longer "thinks", switching transfers, and consumes more fuel.

Robotic gearbox is symbiosis automatic and mechanical boxes, It has electronic control clutch. This species boxes less clear than automatic box Transmissions.

IN signless boxes Transmissions There are no transfer themselves, that is, the steps, and the gear ratio changes smoothly. This transmission is not widely used, since the torque transfer belt does not endure high power Modern engines.

Chassis car

The chassis of the car is the carrier, rear and front axle, suspension, wheels and tires.

Pendants are there different types: adaptive, multi-dimensional, double, for SUVs, pickups, trucks, semi-dependent rear, dependent rear, ME PERSON suspension and DION type.

Car control mechanism

The car control mechanism is the steering wheel and brakes (disk and drum). The steering wheel allows you to change the direction of the car movement, and the brakes regulate its speed, stop the car and hold it on the spot.

Electrical equipment car

The electrical equipment of the car allows you to start the engine, warm up and illuminate the car salon, light the path in dark time day, ensures work anti-theft system and has others useful featuresFor example, provides automotive audio operations, which allows listening to music.

Knowing a car, a disciple of driving schools you need to learn how to manage it. More details with a car device you will introduce the video to the article.

Good luck in learning!

Today, almost everyone goes on the car, but here the car is familiar to everyone. If you want to know how your car still works, then you definitely went to the desired site. From this article, you can learn sufficient information so that your machine is to know from which nodes and aggregates. Currently, there is a huge number of brands and models of machines, but almost all passenger cars are arranged equally.

Car Device Scheme

The passenger car consists of the following parts:

• body (supporting design);
• chassis;
• transmission;
• internal combustion engine (gasoline or diesel);
• engine control system and electrical equipment.

At first glance, everything is simple, but this is just a common car device. For each of the above items, it is possible not to write an article, but a whole book. But we will not be so delved and describe only the highlights that each driver is simply obliged regardless of the driving experience. It should be noted that the banal ignorance of the car's elementary device is fraught with significant spending on maintenance and repair of the car in the car service.

Body car

The car body is a carrier part to which almost all nodes and aggregates are attached. Not many are known that the first cars did not have a body, and all the nodes were attached to the frame, like fREE MACHINES or motorcycles. But in the race for a decrease in the mass of the car, manufacturers refused frame design, and appeared modern bodywhich is actually a kind of frame.

Since we are studying the device of the car for beginners, we will understand a little more, from which the body consists of:

stamped bottom to which all sorts of enhancements are welded;

• spars (front and rear);
• roof of the car;
• motor compartment;
• other hinged components.

Since the body is a certain spatial structure, this separation is very conditional, because all parts are interrelated. The spars are usually uniform with the bottom or weld to it and serve as a support for the suspension. Coverings can be attributed to the wings, the trunk lid, the hood and doors. The rear wings are welded to the body, and the front can be removable.

Chassis

The chassis consists of many aggregates and nodes, with which the car actually has the ability to move. Well, since this article describes so to speak the device of the car for teapots, then we will get acquainted with such an extensive concept as the "chassis", closer. The main components of almost any chassis:

suspension (front and rear);

• leading bridges;
• wheels.

Most modern cars are installed in front independent MacPherson type suspension (MacPherson). This type of suspension can significantly improve car handling and comfort. In an independent suspension, each wheel is attached to the body with the help of the fastening system itself. The dependent suspension has long been outdated, but still present on many cars. The rear dependent suspension can be a rigid beam or a leading bridge, in the case of a rear-wheel drive car.

Transmission

The following item in our description of the device of the car for beginners will be a transmission, the main purpose of which is the transmission of torque from the motor shaft on the machine wheels. The transmission consists of the following nodes:

clutch;

• gearbox (PPC);
• leading bridge (bridges);
• hinges of equal angular velocities or cardan transmission.

The clutch of the car is intended to connect the engine shaft with the gear shaft and is designed to provide a smooth transmission of torque. Gearbox is needed to change gear ratio and reducing the load on the car engine. The presenter bridge is mounted in the gearbox housing (front-wheel drive) or serves as a rear beam (rear-wheel drive). Cardan transmission or shruses connect the gearbox with a leading bridge or directly with the wheels of the machine.

Engine

The purpose of the engine is probably known to all, so in our guide for a car for dummies we will not be so detailed to describe this unit. The main purpose of the engine is the transformation of the heat energy of the burnt fuel into the energy mechanical, which is transmitted to the vehicle wheels through the transmission.

Electrical equipment

The electrical equipment of the car includes the following main nodes:

rechargeable battery (AKB);

• alternator;
• wiring;
• engine control system;
• electricity consumers.

The rechargeable battery is a constant renewable energy source and is designed to start the engine. In case the engine is not launched, the battery feeds the electricity all vehicles of the car. The generator serves to maintain constant voltage and recharging of the AKB in the board-network. The wiring is a plurality of wires that form an onboard network of a car connecting all sources and electricity consumers. The engine control system consists of an electronic control unit (ECU) and all kinds of sensors. Consumers are headlights, rear lights, ignition system and engine start, windscreter, power windows, and so on.

As you can see, the car consists of a huge number of parts, nodes and aggregates, but with a detailed consideration, everything is much easier than it seems at first glance. It is worth noting that this is the only generalized overview of the car of a car, with which it is simply impossible to cover the description of the characteristics of the device of specific brands and models.